Abstract
China’s nuclear weapons modernization during the last 25 years has spawned analyses regarding the strategic intent behind these technological developments, to include the possibility of a Chinese challenge to U.S. military superiority in the Asia–Pacific region. Yet analysis of the historical development trajectory of China’s nuclear weapons program suggests it was never intended to support a direct military challenge. Indeed, after developing a nuclear-weapons capability in the 1960s, China produced only a small number of vulnerable nuclear weapons against the expectation of nuclear deterrence theory and despite confrontational relations with both nuclear superpowers. To explain China’s nuclear choices, I utilize newly available information to argue that China’s Mao-era strategic culture—with its emphasis on conventional weaponry utilized according to People’s War principles—limited the initial scope of its nuclear weapons program.
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